Semiconductor Physics:
- Valence band, conduction band, band gap energy
- Classification of solids on the basis of band theory
- Fermi level and Fermi energy for metal
- FD distribution function and its temperature dependence
- Position of Fermi level in intrinsic semiconductors (derivation)
- Fermi level for extrinsic semiconductors
- Working of PN junction diode on the basis of Fermi energy
Solar Cell:
- Principle, working, IV-characteristics
- Efficiency and fill factor
- Measures to improve efficiency
- Advantages and applications in environmental sustainability
Hall Effect:
- Derivation for Hall voltage and Hall coefficient
- Related numerical problems
Ultrasonics:
- Characteristics and properties of ultrasonic waves
- Generation of ultrasonic waves by inverse piezoelectric effect (using transistor)
- Engineering applications: thickness measurement, flaw detection
- Related numerical problems